Nanofiltration is a relatively newly introduced pressure-driven filtration membrane process. During transport through the membrane, both diffusive and convective fluxes take place due to the porous type of membrane and the transmembrane pressure difference. Obviously, the same transport flux may occur in the feed side external boundary layer as well. Nanofiltration (NF) is another pressure-driven membrane separation process which is often used for water softening (i.e., separation of divalent and monovalent cations). The pore size of NF membranes is slightly larger than that of reverse osmosis membranes, ranging from 1 to 10 nm. Since the membrane is often charged, the effect of the membrane charge should be considered in the transport theory.
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