In wastewater treatment, ultrafiltration devices are used to recycle and reuse water that contains almost no physical solids. The definition of ultrafiltration, as well as the applications and industries that employ these process units, are covered in greater detail below. Ultrafiltration (UF) is a type of membrane filtration in which separation is caused by forces such as pressure or concentration gradients across a semipermeable membrane. Water and low-molecular-weight solutes pass through the membrane in the permeate, whereas suspended solids and high-molecular-weight solutes are retained in the retentate. UF can be used to remove particulates and macromolecules from raw water in order to produce potable water. It has been used in water-treatment plants to replace existing secondary (coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation) and tertiary filtration (sand filtration and chlorination) systems, as well as standalone systems in remote areas with growing populations. When treating water containing highly suspended solids, UF is frequently used as a pre-treatment stage in conjunction with primary (screening, flotation, and filtration) and some secondary treatments.
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